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September 28, 2023 Mushrooms, trail blazing and hanging signs to keep hunters away

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We started at the south side of the property along the road and hung signs, cut small and dying trees and laid them along the path perpendicular to the water flow and trailblazed a new path. We wound around along the edge of Saint Andrew’s Forest Farm property line along the power lines. We also followed the waterway at bottom of property to property markers at southwest corner. We found interesting mushrooms, plants and finally found paw paw trees.

We did not see the young male black bear. We saw a small lizard in the clearing up top. We saw and heard many birds in the forest. Hunting season starts tomorrow. We’ve got our signs up and hope the animals hide out from those hunters. Especially the young black bear. We heard his range might be 5-10 miles for a young bear. For an adult bear, 10 to 20 miles.

Gentiana alba, a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the Gentian family Gentianaceae, producing yellowish-white colored flowers from thick white taproots. It is native to North America from Manitoba through Ontario in the north, south to Oklahoma, Arkansas and North Carolina, and it is listed as rare, endangered, threatened or extirpated in parts of this range.[2] Found near the south waterway.

Calostoma ravenelii. Found along the South Trail. This is a comparatively small species of Calostoma with a dry, yellowish spore case that sits on a braided stem structure. It can be separated from other Calostoma species by the fact that the spore case is not red and initially covered with gelatin, its lack of a torn and felty “collar” under the spore case and its “beak” (the scar-like perforation that develops at the top of the spore case), which is red overall.

Coprinopsis picacea, commonly known as the magpie mushroom, magpie fungus, or magpie inkcap fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described in 1785 by French mycologist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1785 as Agaricus picaceus. Found at bottom of clearing. The cap is initially egg-shaped, reaching a width of 7 cm. Later it opens up and takes on a bell shape that is up to 8 cm wide. The cap is serrated and colored white on very young mushrooms. It breaks open with increasing age, so that the beige to dark brown background emerges. Remnants of the white, grayish to cream-colored velum remain on the cap as flakes, giving the impression of woodpecker or magpie plumage. With age, the brim of the cap rolls up and dissolves. The lamellae are very close and are initially greyish-white, then pink to gray in color. Eventually they melt, dripping and black, giving it the name inkcap.
An older magpie ink cap mushroom. Poisonous.
Scleroderma polyrhizum. Identifying features include the baseball-like stature and shape; the tough, thick skin; the hard, black interior that turns to dust in old age; the way the mushroom splits open and peels back (a little like the rays of a star); the smooth to pocked or pitted (but not prominently scaly) surface; and the habitat in grass and disturbed-ground settings. Probably saprobic, but possibly mycorrhizal; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in grass and in disturbed-ground settings; often appearing in urban settings; summer, fall, and early winter; widely distributed in North America.
Fruiting Body: 8-13 cm across before splitting and spreading; round or nearly round; very tough; partially submerged in the ground; surface when young fairly smooth, often covered with whitish down; with age becoming pocked, pitted, or minutely scaly in places, and usually covered with adhering soil and debris; often bruising reddish or yellowish when rubbed; with maturity splitting near the top and peeling back in irregular rays to expose the spore mass; skin to 5 mm thick or more, whitish but blushing pink when sliced; sometimes with white rhizomorphs attached to the base; odor not distinctive.
Cranefly orchid leafs emerging for winter.
This club-shaped Xylaria species is common on hardwood sticks and logs in the northeastern and midwestern United States. It often has a longer stem structure than other species in the genus, but this feature cannot be relied on to identify it with certainty. Xylaria longipes is somewhat variable in its appearance, but defining features include its medium size, its club-shaped head, and its spores, which feature spiraling germ slits. Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood logs and sticks (especially the debris of beech and maples), growing directly from the wood; growing alone or gregariously; causing a soft rot; spring through fall; common in northeastern North America and in the Midwest, but occasionally reported elsewhere on the continent (though it may be absent in tropical areas). The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.
Fruiting Body: 2.5–6.5 cm tall; 0.5–1.5 cm thick; shaped more or less like a club, with a rounded tip; grayish to brownish when young, becoming dark brown to black with maturity; surface often becoming cracked and scaly with maturity; stem often proportionally long, but also frequently short or nearly absent, black, covered with black to rusty brown or reddish fuzz near the base; interior flesh white and tough; perithecia in mature fruiting bodies up to about 1 mm across, spherical, just below the surface. Found along the waterway.
Asimina triloba, the American papaw, pawpaw, paw paw, or paw-paw, among many regional names, is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern United States and Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit.[3][4][5] Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae, and Asimina triloba has the most northern range of all. We were delighted to find this by the south side near the waterway. The leaves were so interesting and smooth. No jaggedy edges.
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September 27, 2023 Saint Andrew’s Forest Farm Mushrooms and Boundaries

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We went to Saint Andrew’s Forest Farm to hang signs all along our boundaries. The drive over was colorful as leaves are slowly becoming yellow and falling. It was overcast and cool. 69 degrees Fahrenheit was the high temperature today.

We were excited since it was a lot of new exploration for us. We began in the front, north side and posted signs as we walked our property edge. We culled small, dead and dying trees and limbs along the way. It was lovely in this new to us corner of the farm.

We saw mushrooms everywhere as the weather has been rainy and cooler. We saw Amanitas, Russulas and many smaller ones in between.

We were able to get signs up along multiple stretches of our boundaries and hope to finish this task before the weekend is done.

We did not see the young black bear today.

Amanita. Note the veil having just freshly fallen. This could be the death cap, Amanita phalloides. Half of one is enough to kill an adult human. The principal toxic constituent is α-Amanitin, which causes liver and kidney failure. Thus, we leave anything that looks similar alone.

Top view of the large Amanita. It was 5 to 6 inches across. This mushroom was beautiful and we left it in the woods. They are mycorrhizal with pine, oak and chestnut trees.
Another boundary marker and sign we posted today.
Arising from hardwood leaves and sticks, these tiny beach umbrellas are quite beautiful when fresh. The pleated cap, the wiry stem, and the very distant gills make the Marasmius easy to recognize. Other “pinwheel” Marasmius species include these Marasmius fulvoferrugineus, with a rusty brown cap. We saw hundreds of these tiny mushrooms growing on the leaves of our forest floor.
Pleurocybella porrigens is a species of fungus in the family Phyllotopsidaceae. The species is widespread in temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere.[2]P. porrigens, known as the angel wing, is a white-rot wood-decay fungus on conifer wood, particularly hemlock (genus Tsuga).[3]The flesh is thin and fragile compared to the oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ssp.).
Coral fungus
This variety of the well known species Amanita muscaria is distinguished by its yellow to orange, rather than red, cap. Other trademark features are shared with the red version: numerous warts on the cap, a ring on the upper stem, and a distinctive stem base that features several shaggy “zones” of universal veilmaterial on the upper edge of a basal bulb. Amanita muscaria var. guessowii is found in the northern Midwest and in eastern North America from the boreal forests of the northeast, south to the Appalachians.
Gills of Amanita muscari var. guessowii the American yellow fly agaric. Closely resembles Amanita ceasarea but is noted to be poisonous or have unwanted effects and to be edible. We leave them in the forest.
Yellowing Curtain Crust, Stereum subtomentosum, is easily confused with Trametes versicolor, the Turkeytail bracket fungus (which differs from Stereum species, however, by having tiny shallow pores on its fertile undersurface), this rather uncommon bracket grows on dead hardwood, and most commonly on Beech.
Like many other crust fungi, Stereum subtomentosum can be found throughout the year; however, its period of sporulation is limited to the summer and autumn.
Coral fungus

Violet toothed polypore, Trichaptum biforme, a tough, hairy bracket fungus with violet margins and zones of white, brown, and black; pores whitish violet, breaking into teeth. Grows on stumps and logs of deciduous wood. Year-round. Cap semicircular, flat; zones of white-gray, ochre or dark brown, and brown-black; violet along the margin; texture tough, hairy. Pores angular, becoming toothlike; whitish brown with violet tinge, fading to buff, with violet along the margin. Stalk not present. Spore print white. Spores magnified are cylindrical, smooth.

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September 24, 2023 A Mushroom Walk and a Young Bear

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The woods are changing and moving into fall. Leaves are colorful and the forest is brighter. This is the North Trail where we startled a young bear. We think he was the 3 year old male bear our neighbor told us about. He looked healthy as he ran away. This was at the top of North Trail. No sign of his mother.

Tropical storm Ophelia moved through Saint Andrew’s Forest Farm with gusting winds and rain just the day before. As we drove over from Staunton, we saw several large trees blown over and wondered what impact the storm had on the trees at SAFF. As we pulled in, we did not see any downed trees only a few limbs on the ground.

A tree stump covered in Mycena haematopus, or common name, bleeding Mycena.
Saprobic mushrooms found on well decayed wood. They were lovely. Note the bleeding from the stem in the photo below.
Unknown polypore
Down by the waterway. It was cooler out and also muggy for our walk around.
A Russula
A new mushroom we spotted at the bottom of the clearing. It’s a yellow reishi, Ganoderma curtisii. It was as hard as wood and shiny. A magnificent find. These are a noted medicinal mushroom.
We saw multiple specimen of strawberry euonymus with these lovely berries.
We know birds eat these and wondered what the bear is eating. He looked well fed, about 150 pounds or more. A young black bear.

We hope we didn’t scare the young bear off. We want him to stay safe on our property from all of the hunters in the area. Next time we go out to SAFF, we will hang up more signs to alert hunters to stay off of our farm. We would like the wildlife to have a sanctuary.

Young loblolly pines

It is wonderful to have the cool weather to explore and get jobs done. We were able to mow and dig another footing for the shower and compost toilet structure.

Marasmius capillaris, growing on fallen oak leaves on the forest floor.

We also saw more of the Cranefly orchid’s leaves emerging along the trails all through the woods. We were able to clear hundreds more small stick trees using loppers.

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Friday September 22, 2023 Mushrooms and Cranefly Orchid fall leaf sighting

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We got the truck running again about midweek by replacing both the alternator and the battery. We also cleared many many hundreds of stick trees, mostly light starved, undeveloped and unwell tulip poplars and black cherries.

Tiny trees needing to be thinned.
Crane fly orchid leaves emerging from the ground where we saw the flowers earlier this summer.

We were so excited to see these leaves (in photo above) emerging from the ground. These delicate flowers grow from edible corms.

Crane fly orchid flower photo taken earlier this summer. It emerges without leaves. The leaf comes in September. We were watching for them and still surprised by their beauty.
We found multiple clusters of these beautiful honey mushrooms by the creek bed. Armillaria, the longest lived and largest fungi in the world. The mycelium underground is what’s large with one being measured at 3.5 square miles and estimated to be 2,400 years old. These mushrooms also glow in the dark. They are decomposers. Honey mushrooms are rich in antioxidants and taste slightly sweet. Honey Mushrooms are extremely rich in polysaccharides. Polysaccharides from natural sources have attracted increased attention due to their potential biological functions, especially antioxidant and immunomodulation activities such as scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid oxidation.
Coral fungus
Sarcodon scrabrosus, with teeth, is mycorrhizal with beech and oak trees. Found along bottom creek bed from June to October.

It felt very much like fall yesterday with coolness in the air and leaves on the ground. Ophelia moved in to North Carolina and Virginia bringing rain and wind. We can’t wait to see what the new season brings to Saint Andrew’s Forest Farm.

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September 17, 2023 Leaf cutter bees and the Sugar Hackberry

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Yesterday we went to Saint Andrew’s Forest Farm and we had truck trouble right as we arrived, the alternator went out. All the warning lights came on and the battery died. Luckily, we were in the driveway when it happened. We troubleshooted by jumping the truck battery with the mower battery but it only held a charge long enough to get the windows rolled up. We were grateful for that much, as rain was expected soon. We called for help and my daughter came directly from work in Richmond to drive us home to Staunton. We were so thankful!

While we waited, we limbed up and cut down trees in the front near where we were trying to jump the battery. We were also able to clear out more trees from the compost toilet and shower site as well as the shipping container site which will be an office and camping site for us. It is amazing how much better the woods look with a bit of attention and care.

This tree had bees buzzing all over it and we couldn’t determine what it was. We could not find flowers or berries either. The bees were all over the leaves. After some research, it appears to be sugar hackberry, Celtis laevigata.
The leaves and trunk of the Sugarberry.
Image
In late summer, leafcutter bees arrive and oval holes with a very clean edge appear on the hackberry’sleaves. These solitary bees harvest the small circles of leaf to line their nests. There are several genera of leaf cutting bees but most of them are small to medium sized bees and carry pollen on the underside of their abdomen as opposed to on the hind legs.Within a burrow, several cells are constructed from leaf pieces. Each cell is stocked with nectar and pollen and an egg is deposited. The bee uses a few additional pieces of leaf to close each cell and finally, the opening of the burrow. The larvae fend for themselves, feeding on the supplies left by their mother.

We cut down a very large black cherry tree near where we plan to place the shipping container for our office. This tree had black knot fungus. We culled a medium sized pine from the front which was growing up against another. We also culled many many smaller trees. We pulled a few tree of Heaven, ailanthus, by the roots as the ground was wet enough. We are trying to rid the farm of this invasive nonnative in multiple ways as it restricts and chokes out growth of our native species. We will save our sweet Sugarberry tree for these leaf cutter bee babies to be sure! 🐝

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September 15, 2023

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We went to the farm and did weekly chores. After mowing and weed whacking, we blazed a new trail which wound around from the front and followed along a new waterway we found that meets the waterway from the south through to the creek. We made a trail and connected it to chanterelle trail and then made it about half way to the north trail. We used loppers. As we culled these trees, we laid them down along the edge of the trail. We laid them perpendicular to the water flow to begin to build up a berm along the outside of paths. Where we left off, it was still really very dense with tiny light-starved trees.

We found multiple types of mushrooms. When we pulled in we found large red and yellow boletes. We have narrowed these down to several possibilities to identify. We need further testing and data but we enjoy looking at them for now and leaving them alone.

Either boletus sensiblis, hortiboletus rubellus or boletus subvelutipes. Photo credit: Chris Okay 👍🏼
The top of the unidentified bolete.
Hygrocybe tops found along bottom edge of clearing.
Underside with gills of waxy cap.
The second time we have found a small puffball mushroom along the driveway up on top of the hill.
Yellow necked caterpillar, Datana ministra. A moth in the family Notodontidae. Found along the new path we made along the south west end of property near the power lines.
We saw many mosses and ferns along the edge of the waterway.
Boletes popping up, Chris’ foot is pointing at another beginning to push through the layer of pine needles.
Animal dens in the stumpery.
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September 4, 2023 Labor Day at SAFF

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The future compost toilet site.

Labor Day Weekend at the Farm

We were hard at work this afternoon, taking our Labor Day holiday out at Saint Andrews Forest Farm. After witnessing the aftermath of a rollover accident on Hwy 151 last weekend, we chose a different route today to avoid holiday traffic volume and for a micro-adventure. Our route was pretty, windy and lightly travelled, perfect for a holiday drive.

Our focus today was limbing up, trimming and thinning trees in the pine forest off the driveway. The forest near the road needs a good bit of our attention and effort. with crowding, some diseased and already dead hardwoods, and cedars, plus many dead lower branches that starved for light.

The section we worked on today.

We also finished clearing space for our small composting toilet/shower building. Young hickory trees, red cedars, poplars, and young black cherries remained from our preliminary clearing. We removed these, and cleaned the area of stumps and branches left laying about from the cutting. Once we neatened up, we located and marked the approximate corners with stakes, then we squared the stakes up by measuring the diagonals, and adjusting a little as needed.

We enjoyed a taco salad break, and drank a lot of water to rehydrate, with the temperature around 92. Feeling refreshed, we were up for more tree up-limbing along the driveway, and we spent additional time on the commode building.

We found our grade and leveled each corner with the 360•laser level, marking each stake in pen at the level marks. We began digging the post holes, but called it an evening, with a much neater forest and the start of a building site under our belts!

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August 31, 2023- St Andrew’s Forest Farm Visit and mushroom walk

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Honey fungus found 8/31/23 at bottom of slope near creek on southern end.
Cinnabar Chanterelles on southern end of creek
A red Russula
Molly got a picture of us.
Polypore
Russula cyanoxantha or charcoal burner. Found numerous specimen by southern end at bottom of property near creek.

We mowed and planned our swales in the clearing. We walked down the north trail to creek and followed it to the south trail and up. We went down chanterelle trail.

The cooler weather is wonderful. We heard a hawk. We saw toads in the water.

Molly took all of the photos. It was wonderful to walk around the woods with her today. There’s a crispness in the air and moving into the new season at Saint Andrews Forest Farm is exciting with so much to look forward to!

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Plants of Saint Andrews Forest Farm

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A big thank you to Judy for beginning this list after a walk around SAFF. She found and identified these plants and we hope to keep adding to this list as we continue to identify others.

Wild yam vine

Common names of Dioscorea villosa include wild yam, Atlantic yam, common wild yam, wild yam-root, yellow yam, colic root, and rheumatism root.

Deer Tongue -Day flower commelina communis

In early homesteads, deer tongue leaves were placed in bureaus to impart a pleasant smell to clothing or hung in bundles in rooms to freshen the air. Deertongue also has medicinal properties; Native Americans and the earliest settlers made a tea that was believed to be an all-purpose cure and tonic.

New York Fern provides ground cover for shady woodland gardens and shelter for toads.
Sensitive Fern, chain fern, the young fiddleheads are eaten as vegetables. However it is poisonous to cattle. Requires moist, shady environments.
Cinnamon Fern
The young unexpanded fronds are eaten as a nibble or cooked in soups. The taste is said to resemble asparagus. The young shoots are seen as a “spring tonic” to cleanse the body with fresh green food after a long winter eating mainly stored foods.
Galium – Bedstraw somewhat clinging
Striped wintergreen, insect pollinated and tolerant of acidic soil. Lives in oak-pine woods. “The Creek Indians called it ‘pipsisikweu’ – which means ‘breaks into small pieces’ – after the supposed ability to break down gallstones and kidney stones. … Native Americans used its leaf tea to treat rheumatism and stomach problems, and crushed leaves were applied as a poultice to sores and wounds.”
Solomons seal
Solomon’s seal is an herb. It is sometimes used to make medicine. Solomon’s seal is used for lung disorders, swelling (inflammation), and skin conditions such as bruises, boils, and hemorrhoids. But there is no good scientific evidence to support any use.
Spotted knapweed, this is invasive from Europe and will need to be pulled when seen at minimum. No reseeding! The flowers are edible. The plant has medicinal properties.
Red or black chokeberry, edible but astringent taste.

The high-antioxidant fruit is used in baking and to make jams, jellies, syrup, tea, juice and wine. Fruit can persist into winter and serves as a food source for birds and other wildlife.

Wild pink. This charming wildflower is native to dry forests, barrens, and outcrops throughout Virginia where it tolerates a range of soils. Its rose-pink flowers, which somewhat resemble those of phlox, bring bright color to the spring garden, and it remains evergreen in winter.

Showy trefoil

Several Desmodium species release organic compounds, aerially and into the soil, which make them useful for agriculture: Allelopathiccompounds are used there via push-pull technology. Tick-trefoils in agriculture can also be used as living mulch and as green manure, as they improve soil fertility via nitrogen fixation.

Crane fly orchid, perennial terrestrial woodland orchid growing in moist soil. Potato like edible corms.

Tipularia discolor grows a single leaf in September that disappears in the spring. The leaf top is green, often with dark purple spots. The leaf underside is a striking purple color. The flower blooms in mid-July to late August. The roots are a connected series of edible corms. This orchid is pollinated by Autographa precationis, Ctenoplusia oxygramma, Cucullia convexipennis, Protoboarmia porcelaria and Pseudaletia unipuncta. The moths visit the flowers and insert their proboscis into the nectar tube, if there is little nectar left the moth will force its proboscis in deeper and increasing the chance of their compound eye coming into contact with the viscidium and removing pollinaria. The stigma is not exposed until the anther cap falls off, which might serve as a barrier to self-pollination. https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/tipularia/discolor/

Mountain laurel

The Cherokee use the plant as an analgesic, placing an infusion of leaves on scratches made over location of the pain. They also rub the bristly edges of ten to twelve leaves over the skin for rheumatism, crush the leaves to rub brier scratches, use an infusion as a wash “to get rid of pests”, use a compound as a liniment, rub leaf ooze into the scratched skin of ball players to prevent cramps, and use a leaf salve for healing. They also use the wood for carving. Mountain laurel is poisonous to several animals, including horses, goats, cattle, deer, monkeys, and humans, due to grayanotoxin and arbutin

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August 8, 2023 More animal sightings & A tornado watch & some native plants

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Young eastern box turtle on north trail after rains.

We went out to SAFF yesterday for mowing and checking on those cinnabar chanterelle pins. We harvested a few and followed the waterway from bottom left of property and moved past the midway point. We found cinnabar and golden chanterelles all along the way. Also, other types of mushrooms and we saw a toad and a box turtle right along the north trail. No sighting of our pileated woodpecker friend. Most of the mature cinnabar chanterelles were along the deep sides of the waterway with moss and ferns. Many that we could reach still hadn’t matured. There were so many down in the creek bed along the sides we couldn’t reach! We’ll need a plan to harvest these next year. We brainstormed a few ideas that all seemed to be ridiculous. We will find a way down there!

We have made it a little more than halfway to our south trail via the waterway. We were on the other side of creek. Next time we work on paths at bottom of property, we want to trail blaze along the slope side and continue to take out over abundant trees that have only inches to grow instead of the 10 feet necessary for them to flourish.

Chanterelles harvested yesterday along waterway.

Unknown fungi

A young toad found hopping along the North Trail.

We got the mowing finished just in time for an alert for a tornado watch in Dillwyn. We drove home. Staunton had a tornado warning with hail. We hope to go back out in the next few days. Our plan is to go on Friday after the thunderstorm Thursday.

We are planning our initial structures and crops. We hope to use the resources we can find to help shape the farm to become more of a food forest than it already is. Currently, we have blueberries, deer tongue (flowers young leaves and stems) and wild yams (great eyes, Judy) edible mushrooms, cranefly orchids edible corms, several edible fiddlehead ferns, and black cherries. We also hope to find pawpaws.

Scarlet elf cups

Unknown Amanita. Possibly amanita gemmata. Not a beginner mushroom. So far, anything that looks as though it’s an Amanita, we don’t even touch usually. There are 600 species of agarics (Gilled mushrooms) which includes some of the most deadly. This species is responsible for 95% of mushroom deaths. (If we are in doubt, we throw it out: Or better yet, don’t even pick it. )

The waterway floor with rocks and sticks and roots. Mosses and plants along the banks.
Mountain laurel along the waterway.
Potentially Hypomyces chrysospermus or Tylopilus or H. Melanocarpus. More information is needed. Finally! We thought we found a bolete that could potentially be a king bolete, bolete edulis, porcini. Found along driveway up on top of farm near pines. We have been searching all summer. However, it appears as though it could be a bolete with a fungus. Hypomyces chrysospermus, the bolete eater! A parasite turned the bolete white. Not at all a king bolete. Narrowing down identification still. We continue our search for porcinis and are glad for our chanterelles. We will not eat these!
Tipularia discolor, the corm is potato-like and edible. Cranefly orchid is found all along the banks of the waterway and in the forest at SAFF.